FULLERENES

aka: BUCKMINSTERFULLERENES, BUCKYBALLS, NUTRIENT CARBON, C-60

Almost 20% of the total weight of the human body is carbon, more than any other element except oxygen. 

We are conscientious in addressing the oxygen component of the body's requirements-- e.g. oxygen therapy, tissue respiration therapy, anti-oxidant products and programs, the new spin trap phenomenon---but there is nothing being done to address the most important SOLID component of the body.  Is there anyway to do for our body's solid foundation (CARBON) what is being done for its gas (OXYGEN) and liquid (WATER) foundations? 

There are 3 phases of matter: gas, liquid, solid. 

• The body is equally dependent on each of these phases.

• The gas component is ruled by oxygen.

• The liquid component is ruled by water.

• The solid component is ruled by carbon. 

These are the three most basic NUTRIENTS of the human body.  These are the three pillars which support the body's stable relationship with the outside world.  these are the three essential materials that the body needs to receive in a pure molecular form to maintain optimal health and to steepen the evolutionary curve into an era of greater longevity. 

Pure molecular oxygen is in the air.  The body accesses it easily. 

Pure molecular water is in everything we eat and drink, but it is the Heavy Water component that is most important to the body.  Why?  Because it is the FIRST water, the original water.  It is the cradle where CHIRALITY itself was born.  And chirality is what LIFE is all about (see HEAVY WATER). 

Pure molecular carbon is the only one of these three nutrient "elements" that the body is completely starved of.  Fullerene is the only pure form of molecular carbon that the body can utilize (the other choice is graphite or diamonds, but these are not usable). 

If the three phases of the body are not balanced (i.e. in alignment), there will be problems.  For example, free radicals and reactive oxygen species are the result of oxygen being consumed in the absence of "nutrient carbon" (Fullerene).  This carbon forms a spherical  cage around these rogue oxygen species and re-installs them on their proper respiratory pathways---in much the same way as spin traps.  But more importantly, nutrient carbon feeds the whole carbon infrastructure of the body and these are the all-important pathways along which oxygen moves and within which the body safely utilizes oxygen.  A healthy carbon network means oxygen that won't stray to become free radicals! 

For years, it was believed that pure carbon existed in Nature in only two forms, graphite and diamonds.  But in 1985, it was discovered that it exists naturally in another pure form: FULLERENES. 

Named after the great architect Buckminster Fuller, this closed hollow cage of 60 or more carbon atoms resembles the geodesic domes popularized by his work.  Those not familiar with his work can get an idea of the shape of a Fullerene molecule by viewing a soccer ball. 

Fullerenes are found in volcanic material, ancient shungite mineral deposits in Russia, and meteorites. 

Until 1985, it was believed that the body could not process any pure form of carbon---i.e. graphite or diamond. But, with the discovery of Fullerenes, we now have carbon that is as biologically active as it is pure!  This is important for revitalizing the predominantly carbon-based structure of the body.  Being the pure carbon on which is based the spherical geometry of the body's cells, Fullerenes provide a stable, reliable template for cellular "rheology", i.e. shape.  Just as improperly shaped blood cells will no longer efficiently carry oxygen, improperly shaped cells of any kind in the body (skin, epithelial, brain, etc.) will fail to connect with one another tightly enough to convey the functionality of a particular organ. 

Furthermore... 
The surface of cells---called the lipid bi-layer---is composed of liquid crystals (optically active lipids). Fullerenes are OPTICALLY ACTIVE as is demonstrated in fullerene solutions---they exhibit excellent properties of optical harmonic generation!  This fact shows how closely related fullerenes are to the outer membrane of the body's cells---also having the same excellent properties of optical harmonic generation.  This is significant because Fullerenes revitalize the optical activity of the cell membrane, i.e. the way the cell membrane conducts light into the innermost recesses of the cell.  This revitalization restores the health of the cell, which in turn restores the health of the organ that broadcasts this cellular health. 

Fullerenes are also one million to ten million times smaller than liposomes.  As spherical cages, they are much more efficient at delivering their cargo deep into cells---especially since they are optically active like the cell membrane. Passage would be effortless. 

Fullerenes also easily accept and carry a charge. Their electrical properties, combined with their spherical geometry, make them more streamlined and efficient than micelles and other colloidal structures in traversing the great expanse of the body's anatomical universe. 

Here are just a few of the independent scientific references for Fullerenes:

1) ANTI-TUMOR 
Photodynamic Effect of Polyethylene Glycol-modified Fullerene on Tumor
By: Tabata, Murakami, Ikada 
At: The Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Kyoto University in the Japan Journal of Cancer Research 1997 Nov. 

2) ORIGINS
Extraterrestrial Helium Trapped in Fullerenes in the Sudbury Impact Structure
By: Becker, Poreda, Bada 
At: The Space Division, NASA, Ames Research Center in Science 1996 Apr. 

3) TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT (penetration) 
Membranotropic Properties of the Water Soluble Amino Acid and Peptide Derivatives of Fullerene C-60
By: Kotelnikova, Bogdanov, Romanova, Kuleshova, Parnes, Vol'pin 
At: The Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow, Russian Fed. in FEBS Letters 1996 Jul. 

4) BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE 
Biological Study of Fullerene C-60
By: Huang, Qian in Sheng Li Ko Hsueh Chin Chan 1995 Oct. 

5) GROWTH PROMOTING 
A Novel Promoting Action of Fullerene C-60 on the Chondrogenesis in Embryonic Limb Bud Cell Culture
By: Tsuchiya, Yamakoshi, Miyata 
At: Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan in Biochemical Biophysics Research Communications 1995 Jan. 

6) BIOACTIVE PROTEIN 
A Bioactive Fullerene Peptide
By: Toniolo, Bianco, Maggini, Scorrano, Prato, Marastoni, Tomatis, Spisani, Palu, Blair At: The Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita di Padova, Italy in Journal of Medical Chemistry 1994 Dec. 

7) NON-TOXIC to DNA 
Demonstration of the Absence of Genotoxicity of Fullerene C-60 Using the Somatic Mosaic Method
By: Zakharenko, Zakharov, Lunegov, Nikiforov 
In: Dokl Akad Nauk 1994 Mar. 

8) SAFE
Effects of Acute and Subchronic Exposure of Topically Applied Fullerene Extracts on Skin
By: Nelson, Domann, Bowden, Hooser, Fernando, Carter 
At: The Pathology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson in Toxicology Industrial Health 1993 Jul. 

9) ANTI-VIRAL 
Synthesis and Virucidal Activity of a Water-Soluble, Configurationally Stable Derivatized C-60 Fullerene
By: Schinazi, Sijbesma, Srdanov, Hill, Wudl
At: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia in Antimicrobiological Agents Chemotherapy 1993 Aug. 

10) ANTI-VIRAL 
Photodynamic Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses by Buckminsterfullerene
By: Kaserman, Kempf 
At: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland in Antiviral Research 1997 Mar. 

11) ENHANCES IMMUNITY BETTER THAN BETA GLUCAN 
Comparison of Immunological Effects of Fullerene C-60 and Raw Soot from Fullerene Production on Alveolar Macrophages and Macrophage-like Cells in Vitro 
By: Baierl, Drosselmeyer, Seidel, Hippeliat Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut for Toxikologie, Karlsruhe, Germany in Experimental Toxicological Pathology 1996 Nov. 

12) ANTI-HIV 
A Structure-Based Approach to the Design of Fullerene Inhibitors of the HIV Protease
By: Friedman, Wudl, Rubin, Kenyon in Fullerenes: Recent Advances of the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes 1994. 

13) PRO-KERATINOCYTE 
Synthesis of 14C-Labeled C-60 and its Biological Uptake in Human Keratinocytes
By: Scrivens, Tour, Creek, Pirisi in Fullerenes: Recent Advances of the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes 1994. 

14) ANTI-HIV 
Anti-HIV Immunodeficiency Virus Toxicity in Cell Culture and Tolerance in Mammals of Fullerenes
By: Schinazi, McMillan, Juodawlkis, Pharr, Sijbesma, Srdanov, Hummelen, Boudinot, Hill, Wudl in Fullerenes: Recent Advances of the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes 1994. 

15) PRO-CELLULAR GROWTH AND ATTACHMENT
Vapor-Deposited Fullerene Surfaces as a Photodynamic Basement for Attached Cells and Biogenic Factors
By: Richmond, Gibson in Fullerenes: 1995 

16) ANTI-HIV 
Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity and Toxicity in Cell Culture of a Fullerene Derivative
By: Schinazi, Bellavia, Gonzalez, Hill, Wudl in Fullerenes: 1995 

17) FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGER 
Free-Radical Scavenging Effect of Water Soluble C-60 Fullerenes in Whole Blood Associated With Gastric Cancer
By: Chiang, Lu, Lin in Fullerenes: 1995 

18) ORIGINS 
Spheroidal Fullerene-like Carbon in Shungite Rock
By: Zaidenberg, Kovalevski, Rozhkova in Fullerenes: 1995

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